Modified cashew-shell liquid composition and method of producing



Patented Aug. '27, 1929.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

MORTIMER T. HARVEY, OF IRVIN GTON, NEW JERSEY, ASSIGNOR TO THE HARVEL CORPORATION, A CORPORATION OF NEW JERSEY.

MODIFIED OASHEW-SHELL LIQUID COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF PRODU CING.

N Drawing.

The present invention relates to materials and products derived from the liquid occuring naturally in the outer cellular shell of the cashew nut and to methods and steps used in deriving these products and materials. The materials and products of the invention are useful as coatings, are useful for electrical insulations, for moisture proofing,-for protection of materials and surfaces against acids,

alkalis, organic and other solvents, for packing food products and for many other uses in the arts generally.

Cashew nutshell liquid has a number. of characteristics peculiar to itself both as individual characteristics and as a group of characteristics present in a single material. For example, the naturally occurring cashew nut shell liquid has an iodine value of up to about 295 which is usually high for naturally occurring plant juices. This -value varies somewhat depending upon the place of growth and upon seasonal and weather conditions, the iodine number of some commercial samples being as low'as 260 and less. The iodine value of 296 is taken from a determination reported by I. Joseph and J. J. Sudhorough in the Journal of Indian Institute of Science, 5, pp. 133-56 (1923). As a further characteristic it is to be noted that this oil does not dry in the air even upon long standing, samples have been left to stand for as long as two years without any indication of drying, and the iodine value did not change during that time. That this liquid is not in the class of glyceride oils .is indicated by its acid number and its saponification number, which do not vary greatly from each other. In color the natural liquid is dark brown, somewhat the color of molasses but lighter in 40 viscosity.

' The cashew nut shell liquid has many charliquid from glycerides and which cannot be Application filed November 17, 1927. Serial No. 234,027.

acteristics which distinguish it from the general class of glycerides, examples of which are linseed oil andtung oils. For example, the saponification number is about 190 for these oils While that of a sample of cashew nut shell liquid was about 20 to 50. In practical application cashew nut shell liquid products have characteristics which distinguish said attained with products made from the oils mentioned. Below is a table giving acid values, iodine Values, and saponitication numbers for samples of commercial shipment of cashew nut shell liquid taken from drums shipped from India'and of samples extracted in this country at the time and place of determining the values.

Liquid from drums Extractions from nuts Specific gravity Percent moisture Acid value Aeetyl value Per cent ash Electrical properties. Comparison with the value of cashew nut shell liquid insulating materials with insulations of linseed and of china wood oil can he made from the following results of actual puncture voltage tests made on commercial cambric impregnated with varnishes of these kinds.

' Elec.res. Power Diel Thickness of Yamished Kind of oil Dry dielectric Wet dielectric megohms factor tric ch ricambm L per in. cu. C stant z I 00 10 6 iii 0 900 volt mil 150-200 volt/mi 2 X 5 C ll l ;%VOOd. 1100-124)" 2 4 4 x10 a 30-40 4. 5 .Cashew shell 1350 IOOOXIO 15 4. O

The values for wet dielectric were taken with varnished cambrics which had been im- 5 mersed ii -water for twenty-four hours, the edges of the cambric pieces being exposed in water during the immersion. These tests indicate that the cashew nut shell liquid gives a varni sh which is highly resistant to the penetration of moisture, and much more highly i resistant than varnishes made from linseed or China wood oils. This test shows that at 80 C. linseed oil varnish almost comes within the class of electrical conductors.

Chemicals properties.

and of linseed oil varnish to several 1nate-' rials. In the tests of the cashew varnish the film was in as good a condition at the end of the test as at the commencement.

Cashew nut shell Liquid film Material Linseed oil film N ll40ll 26 15 hours, film destroyed. 1100 hours film un- Phosphorie aci allected.

conc .lhour, film destroyed." 500 hours, film un- Ethyl alt-0110195 71,. 10 hours, film destroyed- 1100 hours, film unaffected.

Wood alcohol 10 hours, film destroyed. 1100 hours, film unaffected.

Amyi acetate 10 hours, film destroyed. 1100 hours, film unaffected.

Acetone 10 hours, film destroyed. 1100 hours, film unafieeted.

Water solution of acetic acid 36% and salt 5%--.

1100 hours, film unailected.

These tests were made by placing a disk of varnished four mil kraft paper as a liner in a metal cap, filling the bottle and inverting it on its cap with the contents in contact with the varnish of the liner, temperature at test being 110 F. thickness of varnish film 0.75

25 hours, film destroyed.

,mil on each side of the paper.

In some cases linseed oil varnishes are not materially allected themselves by certain materials but the linseed oil varnish aflects the materials deleterious y by ati'ecting the taste. color, and smell thereof. Instances of such cases where linseed oil varnishes come in contact with glyccrine; camphorated oil; mayonnaise, sugar solutions with small percentages of phosphoric acid or lactic acid. The cashew nut shell oil varnish of the present invention. however, does not discolor any of these materials nor is it afiectcd itself by any of these materials.

CoZocf, taste, and odor.

The cashew varnished and coatings of the present invention have the desirable characteristics of not imparting taste or odor to certain materials which China wood oil, linseed oil and fish oil films or varnishes heretofore used have dcleteriously affected by imparting objectionable tastes or odors or both. These other varnishes or films have been used in connections with food products and cosmetics as liners or coatings for containers therefor and examples of these products are mayonnaise, olive oil and other oils, cheese and fats. Linseed oil at summer temperatures turns mayonnaise rancid in a comparatively short time and causes tion of a darkened layer on the mayonnaise which layer gradually increases in thickness, and in depth of color. In some cases the linseed oil films impart the characteristic odor of linseed oil to the food products with which it is used, and this is of course objectionable. In films made entirely of cashew nut shell liquid as the base there is no odor, taste or color imparted to the food products and in cases where linseed oil and cashew nut shell liquid are used together in making the film, the taste and odor are greatly decreased. Films having both linseed oil and cashew shell liquid in them impart little or no color to the food product depending on the proportions of the linseed oil and cashew shell liquid. A film of varnish comprising entirely of modified cashew nut shell liquid enclosed for one month at 110 F. did not have any appreciable odor.

Uses.

ElectriraZ.-The varnishes, films, coatings and other materials of the invention made from cashew nut shell liquid as herein set forth and described are useful in making varnished cambric, and varnished paper for covering electrical coils and for other electrical insulation uses. These materials on account of their low dielectric constant are particularly valuable in the insulation of high frequency electrical cables. The insolubility of cashew coatings and films of the inventions in oils adds greatly to their value in the electrical insulation field because electrical motors and generators and other insulated parts are subjected to oils particularly lubricating oils which do not at all affect the materials of the invention. Linseed oil and China wood oil insulations, the materials heretofore gcnerall used for insulating coils, are soluble in ubricating oils and in actual use are materially affected by such oils when in contact therewith with resulting deterioration and breaking down of their insulating values. Linseed oil and China wood oil insulations are not impervious to moisture and allow moisture to pass into coils or other parts insulated thereby with a consequent short circuiting and a breaking down of the insulation. The cashew insula tions of the present invention are highly resistant to high temperatures and to fluctuations in temperatures as indicated by the table above.

Electric conductors can be insulated by forming films of cashew insulation directly thereon. and such films are flexible without mg containers made of paper, cardboard,

wood, metal, glass, cement blocks, piers, walls and so on and other materials and objects because these cashew products are resistant to moisture, to the solvent action of fruit juices, food oils and other oils, brines, alcohols, cosmetics and other materials above mentioned.

The inside surface of metal caps for glass jars and bottles can be covered with a film i of the cashew coating material of this invention to give protection against the action of different materials on the metal of the cap and also to protect the contained material from contamination by the metal of the cap of the container., Liners made of paper or fabric and coated or impregnated with a cashew material of this invention can be inserted in metal caps instead of coating the metal of the cap itself.

Varnishes for general uses.The cashew nutshell liquid products of the present invention can be used for making varnishes for general use, on furniture of wood and particularly of metal, for coating automobile bodies, telephone stands and for use gen erally. The varnished surfaces can be washed and cleaned with hot or cold water, with alcohol or acetone or. ammonia, or solvent soaps, because the cashew varnishes of the invention give dried films which are insoluble and unaffected in these materials. Spar varnishes, baked varnishes and cellulose varnishcs cannot be handled in this manner without deleteriously aifecting the appearance thereof, for example, cellulose varnishes on automobile hoods are cut and dissolved by alcohol used in anti-freeze solutions with a consequent rapid destruction of the coating and a discoloration and marring of the appearance and finish thereof.

Other general uses.-The products of the invention can be used for general use where linseed oil, tung oil, fish oils etc., are now used to incorporate therein the new characteristics herein described as being present in the products of the invention. Such uses are, for example, making molded compounds for electrical, and other uses, linoleum, oil cloth, separators for rubber sheets, gaskets of all kinds, and for conditioning rubber.

Methods and products of the invention.- Cashew shell liquid I find will be brought to the drying condition in a comparatively short time by heating it at about 390 F. (200 C.) as noted in my copending application Serial Number 37,865 filed June 17, 1925, of which this application is a continuation in part. In the comparison of the drying of the cashew shell liquid and linseed oil the great difieronce in time of securing drying conditions is present whether driers are added to the treated liquid or not. Also losses in heating to drying conditions are greatly less with cashew shell liquid than is linseed oil. In addition to the advantages in drying conditions there are numerous other unforeseen advantages in the characteristics of the cashew shell liquid products over linseed oil products and numerous new desirable characteristics as above noted and as hereinafter more particularly pointed out.

Methods and steps in practicing the present invention and descriptions of the. materials and products thereof will now be particularly set forth.

In carrying out this invention, commercial cashew nut shell liquidis heated in any suit able manner to-a predetermined temperature and is then permitted to cool. It has been found that after such heating and cooling, the commercial cashew nut shell liquid is thicker and of greater viscosity than the product before this treatment. In other words, a reaction has taken place in the liquid itself as a result of this treatment, which results in what is known as. a condensation product, in one sense of that term. The products of the invention, particularly when the cashew nut shell liquid and a drier are used, have appearance, texture, hardness and so on, of resins. either liquid or solid as the case may be; The cashew nut shell liquid in the heat treat-ed, thickened state when in bulk mass will stand without further thickening; in thin films or layers however, the pro-heated liquid exhibits a drying characteristic which is non-existent in the raw liquid and has a faster drying rate with driers, such as manganese resinate, for example, than has the raw cashew nut shell liquid.

The raw cashew nut shell liquid can be heated in an open kettle at difi'erent temperatures to' give modified products which will dry when applied in a film or coating.

vThe time of drying will dependupon the length of time and temperature at which the liquid has been heated. The cashew nut shell liquid can be heated to a drying condition without losing more-than about four to five per cent of its weight and the temperatures to which the liquid is heated to secure drying conditions range from a little over 200 F. to

over 700 F. The following table is given to indicate losses at various temperatures which will give a varnish making product:

Temper- Volatilture of izing heating losses 600F. 4% 650 F. 5% 700F'. 7% 750F. 23% 800F. 47%

The temperature is carried up to thepoint indicated and then allowed to cool down. From the product of these beatings a varnish having advantages and uses as set forth 'above can be made from cashew shell liquid which has been heated to temperatures ranging from about 380 F. up to and including the temperatures given in the table above. At the lower temperatures of heating the raw liquid the heating is maintained at the uppermost for a period of time, for example; at 400 F. the temperature is maintained from four to eight hours, and at 525 F. for about onehalf hour. The heated liquid can be applied and used as a varnish with or without having an artificial drier incorporated therewith, but the time of drying will vary with the length. of time of heating of the raw oil, amount and nature of dryer used. Suitable driers for use in making the varnishes and products of the invention are litharge, manganese dioxide and hydrochloric acid, manganese resinate, copperoleate, or copper ammonium hydroxide or copper carbonate driers. These driers can be used singly or two or more together, according to speed of drying required and in a manner which will be clear and apparent from this specification. The drier or driers are added to the cooked liquid at any stage of the treatment, care being taken to thoroughly mix it with the liquid.

A particular example of the making of a varnish of the invention follows: A quantity of the cashew nut shell liquid is heated to 610 F. as quickly as possible (to keep losses by volatilization down) and then allowed to cool and drier added consisting of litharge and manganese resinate. each in amount about 1% of each of the weight of the cashew liquid. This drier is preferably added after the liquid has begun to cool down and at about 450 F. the liquid is not too hot for practical handling and stirring to get the drier in. The prepared varnish is then ready for application and the applied film is dried by heating. for example. at 27 5 to 285 F. for about one-half hour. The application can be made by dipping cloth, paper, metal sheetsor solid pieces or other articles in .the varn sh which has been cut or dissolved in a carrler such as gasoline, kerosene, or varnoline. The dried film is smooth and hard and will not be dissolved or be attacked by kerosene, gasoline, varnoline, alcohol, caustic solutions, acids, and other solvents and chemicals. The film is also moisture proof and has other characteristics herein set forth as peculiar to products made as herein described with cashew nut shell liquid.

The cashew nut shell liquid can be mixed with oils such as linseed oil, the tung oils, China wood and Japan wood oils, fish oil and so on to get products which are characteristic of the cashew varnishes as herein set forth but which are unattainable in varnishes which do not comprise cashew nut shell liquid. An

example of a method for making varnish of cashew nut shell liquid and linseed oil follows: Eight parts by weight of cashew nut shell liquid and one part of raw linseed oil are heated quickly to about 600 to 615 F. and then removed from the fires and one part of raw linseed oil added to the mixture immediately on removal. The mixture is allowed to cool and when it reaches about 450 F. about 1% each by weight of litharge and manganese resinate are added as driers. At about 300 F. a carrier such as varnoline or the like is added. A film of this varnish will dry in about twenty minutes at about 275 F., is very smooth and has the general characteristics herein set forth for the cashew nut shell liquid products of this invention.

By variations which will be apparent from this disclosure both China wood and linseed oils can be used with the cashew liquid or China wood oil alone can be used with it. The amounts of these and other oils can be varied over a wide range to make the cashew products of the invention and having the general characteristics herein set forth. Even in varnishes comprising only 5% of cashew nut shell liquid to of linseed oil .the new characteristics are present in advantageous degree and in mixtures 25% cashew to 75% linseed the characteristics are present in marked degree, while those comprising 80% cashew liquid to 20% linseed oil, have these characteristics present in high degree. The time of drying also does not vary greatly in compositions which vary from one extreme to the other. Linseed oil products have been compared here with the new products made with cashew nut shell liquid, not because of any similarity in chemical structure of cashew nut shell liquid and linseed oil but because of the extensive use of linseed oil in these fields. Because manufacturers have so much capital tied up in the linseed oil industries they are slow and reluctant to abandon entirely the use of linseed oil and I have been able not only to produce products giving new results from cashew nut shell liquid alone but also I have produced materials using cashew nut shell liquid together with linseed oil which products have the new results generally characteristics of cashew nut shell liquid products. China wood oil can be substituted for linseed oil in the same proportions in the two particular examples given with similar results, the drying time of the cashew-China wood compositions is shorter than the cashew-linseed compositions and the finish is smoother if anything than in the straight cashew varnish. The other oils mentioned .also can be used with the cashew nut shell liquid to get similar results and in different proportions in a way similar to the making of cashew-linseed compositions. Also gums, copal, coumarone, rosins, ester gums, waxes, asphalts, and pitches can be incorporated with the cashew nut shell liquid or many of the mixtures of cashew liquidand oil to get different effects and results. An example of cashew-copal baking varnish or lacquer is about 70-75% ofcashew nut shell liquid and 30-25% East India copal by weight, the-two being mixed and then heated to about 550to 600 F. and then allowed to cool and a drier added at the proper working temperature. A suitable drier is about 1 of manganese resinate.

This varnish is cut with a suitable solvent scope of this invention as herein described and claimed any of the oils, gums, waxes, pitches and the like and any mixture thereof can be used with the cashew nut shell liquid in greatly varying proportions in making the varnishes of the nature of those described and having the desirable characteristics herein set forth as being present in the cashew nut shell liquid products of the invention.

In drying or settingof the varnishes and coatings of this invention, it is intended that there be no particular limitation'because the products can be dried at different temperatures and it will be practical and expedient to dry at different tempertures when a product or products are used for different purposes. For example, when a cashew varnish is used to impregnate a heavy canvas of considerable thickness and of several plies it will be expedient to dry at 100 to 105 C. to secure a slow drying so that solvent and moisture, when present, will be worked out of the fabric be fore the varnish is completely set.

It is to be understood also that the driers are in most cases added to speed up the dry ing and that varnish will dry of itself without the aid of the drier. For example, the varnish made by heating the raw liquid up to 610 F. and then allowing it to cool will, when applied on wood or paper, dry at room temperature in a few hours and at 135 0. (275 will set up in about one hour and will be dry in a few hours. Following are given tables of drying times of different varnish or coating preparations made from cashew nut shell liquid with and without driers, and applied on the surfaces of different materials:

1. Raw cashew nut shell liquid as taken from drums sent in commercial shipment from India was heated for two hours at 500 F., and to this was added at a reduced temperature varnoline as a Vehicle, after which it was allowed to cool, no drier being added. This preparation when applied to different materials and dried at 140 C. (about 280 F.) set and 7 dried in the following time Material to which applied Time to set Time to dry Copper 10 minutes 80 minutes.

Brass 10 minutes 40 minutes. Aluminum l5 minutes 1 hour, 10 minutes. Kraft paper 15 minutes 1 hour, 10 minutes.

This preparation dries at room temperature in a number of hours, when applied as a film or coating.

2. Raw commercial shipment cashew-nut shell liquid was brought up to a temperature of 500 F. and then allowed to drop to about 450 F. where it was held for about two hours and then allowed to cool, varnoline as vehicle being added at a suitable temperature. No drier was added. The periods of time for dryinga film at 275 to 280 F. on surfaces of different materials are as follows:

Material to which applied To set To dry Copper 25 minutes 45 minutes. Brass 30 minutes 50 minutes. Aluminum.. 1 h 1% hours. Tip; 1% hours. Kraft paper 1% hours. Glass 1 hour 1% hours.

These preparations will dry, when applied as a film, in a number of hours at room temperature.

3. Raw commercial cashew nut shell liquid was brought to about 600 F. and then dropped to about 450 F. and held thereat for about two hours after which it was allowed to cool, varnoline vehicle being added at a suitable temperature. Also a mixture of three parts by weight of raw cashew nut shell liquid and one part of raw China wood oil was heated to 600 F. and then allowed to cool, varnoline vehicle being added at suitable temperature. No drier was used in either case. Both of these preparations gave the following setting and drying periods at about 275 F., on the stated materials.

Materials applied to Time to set Time to dry Copper; 15 minutes 25 minutes. Brass 20 minutes--. 40 minutes. Aluminum 30 minutes- 1 hour, 10 minutes. Kraft paper 30 minutes 1 hour, 10 minutes.

These preparations dry at room temperature in several hours.

.4. Three parts of commercial raw cashew ate,

drier was used. The times for setting and drying are as follows:

These materials dry at room temperature, in several hours.

It is noticeable that, on the surface of copper or brass, the cashew preparations above described dry faster than on glass, paper and other materials. This is a notable distinction from products of linseed oil, China wood oil, etc., whose drying time is increased when applied to the surface of copper. In one example, a linseed oil varnish which on paper took twenty minutes to dry at 275 F., took about one hour to dry on copper at this temperature.

A notable characteristic of cashew nut shell liquid and one which is of value in its treatment to secure the products of this invention is that when heated in the presence of metals or of metal compounds it will lose its non-drying characteristic and will be; come a liquid that will dry at different rates of time and at different temperatures depending upon :the temperature of the reaction; the drying temperature; the length of time of exposure or contact with the metal or metal compound; and the kind or nature or particular metal or metal compound or mixture of any of these to which the liquid has been subjected. As examples the following are given as comparative examples; when heated at 140 C. for about thirty to sixty minutes in contact with the metal, lead, cashew nut shell liquid will attain a state in which it will dry comparatively slowly at a given temperature say at room temperature or at 100 (1.; when heated in contact with manganese for example, at the same temperature and for the same length of time it will dry at a little faster rate at the given temperature; when heated in contact with the metal, copper for the same time and at the same temperature it will dry at a quite fast rate at the given temperature; and when heated in contact with or mixed with lead oxide, (litharge for example), copper carbonate, with copper oleate, or with cuprous ammonium carbonate the cashew shell liquid will dry at a still faster rate. In any and all of these cases the rate of drying is hastened by the incorporation of' a dryer with the treated cashew nut shell liquid. The dryer can be any of the following or an equivalent thereof maganese resinate, lit arge, copper oleor other oxidizing metal compound or thereof. The metal itself, copany mixture can be utilized for hastenper for example,

nut shell liquid ing the speed of drying; a particular case in which copper can be used for hastening the drying is where the cashew nut shell liquid, reduced to the drying state, is used as coating for sheets or articles of copper. In this case the intimate contact of the coating with the copper affords an opportunity for a drying reaction to take place between the metal and the liquid which has been applied thereon as a coating. This speeding action takes place either with or without a dryer mixed into the liquid. When the treated liquid is used as a coating on surfaces of material which does not affect the drying time or affects to a lesser degree than does copper then a superficial layer of copper can be applied to the surface before the treated liquid coating is applied. A particular use for this is the making of containers of sheet iron which are to have a dried protective coating thereon of either the raw or the treated cashew nut shell liquid.

It is also notable in respect to the treatment of cashew nut shell liquid according to this invention that oils can be mixed with the cashew nut shell liquid to secure various coating, impregnating and other products. These oils can be mixed with the cashew nut shell liquid either before the beginning of the treatment thereof, or during such treatment, or after the treatment, or the oil or oils can be added in quantities at various steps including the times before, during and after the treatment of the raw cashew nut shell oil. Examples of oils which can be mixed with the cashew nut shell liquid are linseed oil, China wood oil,'Japan wood oil, tung oil, fish oil, pitch, particularly animal pitch.

Cashew nut shell liquid may be'processed into a drying materlal by the following method: Heat the oil and at the same time blow air through it until the temperature reaches 450 to 600 F., cool and add a solvent such as gasoline or varnoline. This material can be dried in an oven at various temperatures, for example 110 C. to 200 Driers can be used if desired. Also the preparation will dry in the air at room temperature with or without driers.

Continued blowing of air through the liquid held at the above temperature results in a rubbery substance which can be dried into thin sheets or can be mixed with powdered sulphur or other vulcanizing material to obtain a cured material or to' make molded products.

As pointed out in my copcnding application Serial Number 37,865, filed June 17, 1925, formaldehyde or some other aldehyde such as furfuraldehyde can be used with cashew nut shell liquid to produce a product which can be dried. For example, a mixture of cashew shell liqu'd ninety parts by weight, nine parts by weight of a forty per cent water solution of formaldehyde, and one part of manganese resinate left to stand for a day at room temperature will produce a reaction product which will dry in the air at room temperature in a short time. Formaldehyde, cashew nut shell liquid and hydrochloric acid can be heated together to produce a drying coating material.

Many of the reactions hereinabove set forth can, unless otherwise restricted, be carried on under increased pressures for particular production examples, at one hundred and fifty pounds pressure. Varnishes, and other compounds, of high electrical insulatin qualities particularly can be made by heating raw cashew nut shell liquid under one hundred and fifty pounds pressure and used with or without a drier, and in each case with or without other materials such as China wood or other oils, gums, and the other materials above enumerated.

The nature of the reactions in the methods of the invention and the products made thereby seems to be in the nature of condensations which can be of various classes, namely: condensation of cashew nut shell liquid and-another material to form a new material, with or without the production of secondary prod:

ucts which can be useful or nonuseful, con

densation of the cashew nut shell liquid on itself; division of condensation; or any combination of these or other reactions. In the claims the term condensation will be used to indicate this group" of reactions generally.

- Certain features of the present invention are set forth in Serial No. 37,865, February 16, 1929; Serial No. 62,935, filed October 16, 1925; Serial No. 114,554, filed June 8, 1926; and Serial No. 119,990,filed July 1, 1926. v

I claim 1. As an article of manufacture, modified cashew nut shell liquid capable of drying when exposed in a thin film to the atmos-' here. p 2. A method of producing a composition of matter which comprises heating cashew nut shell liquid.

3. A method of producing a composition of matter which comprises heating cashew nut shell liquid above 400 F.

4. A method of producing a composition of matter which comprises heating cashew nut shell liquid up to about 600 F.

5. A method of producing a composition of matter which comprises heating cashew nut shell liquid and 6. A method of producing a composition of matter which comprises heating cashew nut shell liquid above 400 F., and incorporating a drier therewith.

the cashew nut shell oil and.

my copending applications, filed June 17, 1925, allowed porating a drier therewith.

. shell liquid and then permitting to cool and adding a solvent vehicle as it cools.

9. A method of produclng a composition of matter which comprises heating cashew' nut shell liquid above 400 adding a solvent vehicle.

10. A method of producing a composition of matter which comprises heating cashew nut shell liquid up to about 600 F., cooling and adding a solvent vehicle.

11. As an article of manufacture, a li uid which is cashew nut shell liquid in a modified condition in which it is more speedily reactive with driers such as manganese resinate'than is the raw cashew nut shell liquid.

12. As an article of manufacture, a liquid which is cashew nut shell liquid in a modified condition in which it is more speedily reactive with driers such as manganese resinate than is the raw cashew nut shell liquid and which in a bulk mass remains at a substantially constant viscosity at a given normal temperature.

13. The method of treating cashewnut shell oil to which comprises heating greater than atmospheric.

14. In the process of preparing cashew nut shell liquid for use, the method step which comprises heating said liquid to above 500 F. 15. I preparing cashew nut F., cooling and itunder pressure n a process of shell liquid for use, the ing said liquid to above 500 F. and incor- 16. A composition of matter obtained by heating cashew nut shell liquid to change the same from the natural non-drying to a drying state.

17. A composition of matter obtained by heating cashew nut shell liquid above 400 F. to change the same from the natural non-drying to a drying state.

18. A composition of matter obtained by heating cashew nut shell liquid above 500- F. to change the same from the natural nondrying to a drying state.

9 A composition of matter obtained by heating cashew nut shell liquid up to about 600 F. to change the same from the natural .non-dryingto a drying state. then permitting to cool.

In testimony, that I claim the invention set forth above I have hereunto set my hand this 8th day of August, 1927.

MORTIMER T. HARVEY.

give it drying characteristics method steps of heat 

